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doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1831 Lundgren JR, Janus C, Jensen SBK, et al
After maturation, MSTN is expressed in various tissues,[12,20,21] with the highest levels in skeletal muscle and lower levels in visceral and subcutaneous fat,[21] as well as cardiac muscle.[20] MSTN has also been reported to negatively regulate adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by suppressing the expression of key transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-.[22] However, Mstn / mice exhibit significantly reduced fat accumulation under normal aging conditions despite a lower metabolic rate, [23] whereas a genetically obese mouse model shows elevated MSTN mRNA levels compared to wild-type mice, suggesting a positive correlation between MSTN expression and fat mass.[21] These findings have paved the way for MSTN to become a therapeutic target not only for muscle atrophy, but also for diabetes and obesity
Although, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1/GLP-1R signals are still under investigation, the PKA/CREB pathway axis and associated active components may be major signals responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-1/GLP-1R [23]
What are the most common side effects of taking both medications
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