Capsules are taken orally, typically with water, and are a popular choice for researchers who prefer a non-invasive administration method
Epinephrine is neither a steroid nor a peptide hormone
In contrast, a brain-directed trophic product may be better suited to chronic disability when the goal is to enhance plasticity and function
Some are already widely used as medicines
This reduces the production of pro-swelling cytokines (TNF-, IL-1, IL-6), swelling enzymes (COX-2, iNOS), and other swelling mediators that can cause tissue damage when produced in excess
Topical treatments such as capsaicin or lidocaine that can be spread on the skin or used as a patch can help relieve localized pain but can cause skin irritation, burning, and redness at the application site