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10.1291/hypres.31.1989 363
No thyroid C-cell tumors were observed in human trial participants, though this risk carries a theoretical basis from rodent studies and is listed as a precaution, as it is with all GLP-1 class compounds
Repair cells move by building and releasing an internal scaffold made from actin
According to the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPCs), GLP-1 medications commonly cause nausea (reported in approximately 20-40% of patients with semaglutide and 12-21% with dulaglutide), vomiting, and diarrhoea, particularly during initial treatment and dose escalation
The Role of Compounded Medications Because of the high cost of branded medications and the difficulty of importing them from Canada, many US patients turn to compounded semaglutide or compounded tirzepatide
Back to Journals Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Volume 19 Gastrointestinal Adverse Effects of GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists: A Comprehensive Update in Diabetic and Obese Populations Authors Ylmaz N , Bastemir M Received 27 November 2025 Accepted for publication 13 January 2026 Published 30 January 2026 Volume 2026:19 584175 DOI Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 4 Editor who approved publication: Dr Halis Akturk Nimet Ylmaz, 1 Mehmet Bastemir 2 1 Department of Gastroenterology, SANKO University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, Turkey
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