[12] For most people with dietary insufficiency, oral supplementation is effective, as even in the absence of intrinsic factor, approximately 1% of B12 can be absorbed through passive diffusion
The total daily dose typically does not exceed 0.50 mg to 0.75 mg, as higher amounts have not demonstrated proportionally greater benefits in available research
Special populations, such as post-bariatric surgery patients and those on metformin, may require tailored dosing regimens to ensure adequate vitamin B12 levels
Some practitioners implement cycling to theoretically prevent receptor desensitization, provide physiological breaks, or manage costs, though evidence supporting these approaches is limited
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